How Has The Role of the Police Changed?

How Has The Role of the Police Changed? Abstract When thinking of a police officer, what is the first image that comes to mind? If you are like most people, the image is that of a crime fighter, dodging bullets and saving citizens from the grasps of crime and corruption. What if I was to tell you that the realism of law enforcement, conversely, is that of something far less theatrical? How the Role of Police Changed over time: How the Role Change Affected the Public’s View of Police The role of a police officer plays a significant part in normal everyday life. Most recently, however, the role of a police officer started to shift, and that changes many things, including the public’s view on policing. Whether the view change is for better or worse, rest assured these brave men and women will be doing everything in their power to keep us safe. This analysis explores how the role of police has changed over time by answering the subsequent questions, What was the past role of the police officer? What is the role of the police officer currently? What has caused this change in the role? Understanding these inquiries will better our understanding of how effectively our police force is changing over time to protect its citizens. This will also give the communities a better understanding of just how difficult the role of a police officer is, and maybe with the understanding, more communication and cohesion between the department and its neighborhood are in order. What was the past role of the police officer? Before we can look at the current role of a police officer, we have to travel back in time and quickly view the role of the police officer then. Since the beginning of what is known as the professional (or reform) era, law enforcement arose as the key task of police officers (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 139). Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec define law enforcement as, â€Å"The police agency’s application of the criminal code to specific situations† (2011, p. 139). Situated at the nucleus of law enforcement is, arresting the accused (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 172). With the demands so high for law enforcement officers to remove criminals from the streets, a policy known as localized policing came into effect. Localized policing is the formation of smaller departments throughout a larger area (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 146). This meant that police officers could now focus on the parts of town where crime was significantly higher. With the practice of localized policing came the problem of fragmentation. According to Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, fragmentation is, â€Å"The lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies in the same geographical region due to the existence of many small departments† (2011, p. 146). The disadvantages of fragmentation is that, with departments not talking, one district could be enforcing certain laws stricter than its neighboring jurisdiction (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 146-147). A contrast of these neighboring departments could lead to the one community’s thought of the police department changing to that of excessive force. What is even worse than this is, any criminals that run their business in the jurisdiction of the strict police department, might take their illegitimate deeds to the neighboring town creating a massive problem for the less forceful police department and its citizens (Meese III, 1993, p. 2). With these problems on police administrator’s hands, they knew something had to be done to help these officers. What is the role of the police officer currently? Fast-forwarding back to current times, the administrators have come up with certain changes in the role of police that might help with past complications. One big change that came through was the new roles of a police officer. As said before, the key role was enforcing the law. In this current time, the police officer actually has three major roles now. They are, maintaining order, law enforcement, and providing service. Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec define maintaining order as, â€Å"Peacekeeping activities including enforcement of quality of life laws such as no loitering† (2011, p. 171). According to Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, this now includes, â€Å"traffic control, and crowd management during sporting events, concerts, and parades† (2011, p. 171). Service activities is defined as, â€Å"Non-law enforcement activities performed by officers on an as-needed basis, such as, giving someone directions† (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 172). Besides the general change in services, the rudimentary outlook of the police officer changed too. In the past, the police officer would chiefly react to occurrences. Now, the officer investigates, strategizes, and takes the initiative (Meese III, 1993, p. 2). The most significant change in policing came with the invention of community-oriented policing. Prono defines community policing as, â€Å"A cooperative relationship between the police and the community where they operate in tandem to diagnose and address crime issues† (2013, p. 1). Community policing is known for making neighborhoods more conscious of crime, and how to avert it (Prono, 2013, p. 1). One of the biggest components of community policing is civilianization. This is defined as, â€Å"assigning to civilians tasks previously performed by police officers† (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 175). The goal of civilianization is to enlarge the amount of community inhabitants actively partaking in policing. Besides the cutback in crime, another influence that community policing has is, the expansion of a progressive relationship amongst the police and the community. What has caused this change in the role? Since there seems to be a new way of policing, administrators decided that they should bring in some new faces around the department. They thought these new faces could help bring some new and exotic ideas to the table. In the 1950s-1960s virtually every department consisted of all white male officers (Sklansky, 2006, p. 1210). As Sklansky states, â€Å"In 2005, for the first time in the history of the NYPD, a majority of the new officers graduating from its academy were members of racial minorities† (Sklansky, 2006, p. 1213-1214). This is a huge step toward equality in the workforce. Something even greater than that comes with the upcoming vast diversity of the police departments. Studies have shown that communities have a better rapport with police officers when some of those police officers are from that descent (Howell, Perry, Vile, 2004 p. 62). It is not just about race anymore, all genders and sexual orientations are now able, and widely accepted to join the police departments. There is a saying that is implemented in the NYPD, the saying is, â€Å"Blue is blue† (Willis, 2002, p. 29). That saying sums it up completely, three little words that have a huge meaning behind them. Another reason for the change in the role of policing is the public’s opinion of police officers. In the past, the affiliation between African Americans and police officers was difficult [to say the least] (Howell, Perry, Vile, 2004, p. 45). With the help of diversifying the police force, and largely to community policing, the views of African American citizens on their community police department have improved considerably (Howell, Perry, Vile, 2004, p. 48). Over the years, with just these few examples, many have seen countless transformations to how the roles of policing have changed for the better. Our communities are never going to stop diversifying anytime soon. Many positive alterations have already begun to take place. With the help of community-oriented policing, and different points of view throughout the departments, thanks to the expansion of race, gender, and sexual orientation, many communities are seeing police in a whole new light. It will take hard work and determination to stay with the times, and not fall back onto beliefs and practices used in the past. With the help of different community based organizations, and a vast amount of backgrounds, our police departments relationship with the communities should flourish. The role of the police officer should become even more community based, because there still is a feeling in many urban communities of race discrimination, and use of excessive force. With time, this should all be taken care of, just like the many problems faced in the past. References Howell,S.E., Perry,H.L., Vile,M. (2004). Black cities/white cities: Evaluating the police.Political Behavior,26(1), 45-68. Masters,R., Muscat,B.T., Dussich,J.P., Pincu,L., Skrapec,C.A. (2011).CJ: Realities and challenges(2nded.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Meese III,E. (1993). Community policing and the police officer.National Institute of Justice, (15), 1-11. Retrieved from www.ncjrs.gov Prono,L. (2013). Community policing. InSalem Press Encyclopedia. Ipswich, MA: EBSCO Publishing. Sklansky,D.A. (2006). Not your fathers police department: Making sense of the new demographics of law enforcement.Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,96(3), 1209-1233. Willis,C. (2002).NYPD: Stories of survival from the worlds toughest beat. New York, NY: Thunder Mouth Press.

Drink †Marketing Essay

The brand that we know of today, Snapple, originally was manufactured in 1972 as an all-natural apple juice business in Greenwich Village. Arnie Greenberg, Leonard Marsh, and Hyman Golden founded the Snapple Brand outsourcing production and product development building their network of distributers across New York City. Despite many product flavors that were failures, premium pricing balanced everything out and Snapple was still able to generate revenues. Unlike Snapple, from 1972 to 1993, much start up juice companies had failed or were sold off to larger distributers. Howard Stern, Rush Limbaugh, and Wendy Kaufman were a huge part of the success. The original owners sold the company to Thomas H. Lee Company in 1992, who then sold it to Quaker Oats in 1993. Quaker owned Gatorade and thought that by purchasing Snapple it would be as successful as the sports drink once they started stocking grocery store shelves. Unfortunately, Business Week tells us that this acquisition proved to be one of the major U. S. business disasters of the 1990’s. The brand lost 1. 4 billion dollars in value under Quaker’s ownership as well as the distribution channel power it had established years prior. Four years later, Ken Gilbert and Mike Weinstein of Triarc, used research from a NJ group, Deutsch, Inc. , to assess the company in hopes of setting priorities and to reverse the downward slide Quaker had left the company in. Ultimately, Weinstein had hopes of reinvigorating the brand, though Gilbert was hesitant. Deutsch had researched the brand and found solutions such as demarcating Snapple as a category set aside from any others like diet soda and chocolate milk. Weinstein felt that Snapple was an upbeat drink and that they should keep the ball rolling on an upward track to success. Primary goals for Triarc in the short term go along with some of the business decisions the company made earlier when it was known for its â€Å"all natural† beverages. Increasing sales volume and market share for the Snapple brand in general is the overall culture of the company short term. One example of how to do so would be signing celebrity spokesperson to reconnect with consumers as they once did with Wendy Kaufman. Wendy’s aberrant personality was a form of advertisement for the Snapple brand which also attracted the unpaid media attention. Hopefully with a new personality Snapple will appea4r again on Oprah, and David Letterman. An idea for a celebrity spokesperson would be Angelina Jolie. She travels the world, can show places she has been on commercials with people drinking Snapple. Questions she could ask would be based on their culture by what type of Snapple they enjoy. Market studies should be conducted while promoting the drink so that they can find the top ten favorite flavors nationwide and globally. Sticking by one spokesperson and earning the trust again of the public is key. Earning trust of the public will also include answering fan mail and establishing fan clubs. Over the long term this can be established. She can answer her mail on TV eventually as Wendy once did to connect back to the public. Triarc cannot decide to dump the celebrity midway during success and expect the consumers to respond favorably; we saw the result of this when Wendy was let go in prior years. This lost the brand’s authenticity and trust in the consumer’s eyes. Over the long term I feel that Snapple needs to also increase TV, radio, and print advertising which is innovative to the brand. Once the brand is more recognizable with a celebrity, the additional advertising will get the brand out there. The most important opportunity Snapple has at this time is where it is in the market. It needs to increase itself in the juice/soda drinking market segments. To do so the need to launch new products based on this beverage market what is most popular but keep the same labeling. Aggressive distribution and customer loyalty strategy’s is important. Snapple used to have events such as fashion shows where people would dress up in dresses made only of Snapple lids. Another idea would be to have games like McDonalds has each year with the monopoly pieces. It will get the public of all ages involved and it will be fun. Snapple was considered by many to be a good example of a conventional product that was marketed in an unconventional fashion. Snapple was a popular beverage brand in the USA and several other parts of the world. The brand was launched by the Unadulterated Food Company in New York, in 1972. Over the years, Snapple came to be known for its unconventional promotional efforts which earned the brand a substantial fan following. The Snapple Beverage Corporation became one of the first companies to enter the ‘New Age Beverages’market, which included non-carbonated drinks like tea and juices in the late 1980s. Snapple changed hands several times over the years. However, barring a few bad years, the brand remained very popular among consumers.

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals by Emmanuel Kant

In his book, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant explores the issues of human morality, and attempts to â€Å"seek out and establish the supreme principle of morality† (Kant 60). Despite acknowledging that human beings will still most likely act morally, whether or not they have a clear understanding of moral principles, Kant explains that a clearer understanding of moral principles can allow individuals to fulfill their moral obligations, and keep their motivations pure. Kant starts off, in the preface, by stating that â€Å"Ancient Greek philosophy was divided into three sciences: physics, ethics, and logic† (Kant 55). Physics being the study of natural philosophy, and the world of material objects; ethics, the study of moral philosophy, and on what basis human beings ought to act; and logic, the study of empirical knowledge, independent of material objects. These three fields then fall into categories of empirical or non-empirical philosophy. In the Groundwork, Kant decides to focus on pure, non-empirical ethics, which he refers to as â€Å"a metaphysic of morals† (Kant 56). In attempting to develop an a priori concept of morality based on reason, as opposed to empirical observations, Kant comes to the conclusion that â€Å"a free will and a will under moral laws are one and the same† (Kant 114). This statement ties together Kant’s aim in the Groundwork, in that the supreme principle of morality is developed through the notion of freedom, as it, then, provides a basis for morality.Show MoreRelatedThe Metaphysics Of Morals1418 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals by Emmanuel Kant, we are presented with this conception of Kant’s called â€Å"the Form of Law.† With the discussion of the Form of Law, we will also come to encounter both moral law and the categorical imperative. Kant’s notion of the Form of Law, we will later see has a great deal of significance within the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Within the discussion of the Form of Law’s significance in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, KantRead MoreKant Deontological Theory1659 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Name: Veronica Ryan Student No: 20120035 Assignment: Kant Lecturer: Prof: Wamsley Due Date: 23 August 2013 ____________________________________________________________________ Emmanuel Kant was an influential German Philosopher. He was born in Konigsberg in Prussia to Protestant parents he lived from 1724 to 1804. Kant observed the world around him and observed that that every culture religion and society has moral law whether they are obeyed or not. The Formula of Universal Law-Read More Nothing Can Be Good or Evil in Itself Essay903 Words   |  4 Pagesfavorable character, wholesome, and virtuous. (Merriam-Webster)   A good will is not good because of what it effects or accomplishes--because of its fitness for attaining some proposed end: it is good through its willing alone-that is, good in itself. (Kant)   In essence, the traditional sense of good is an act done only with the benefit of others in mind rather than for ones own personal interests.   However, for society to view this as good, an act must be intended to benefit society as a whole as wellRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Jean s Ethical Dilemma Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pagesclear indicator of Jean’s moral orientation as such, her statement â€Å"she instinctively objected to the use of psychological manipulation.†, may suggest Jean’s moral perspective is more aligned with Kantian ethics. In spite of this, we do not know with certainty w hat the future consequences of Jean’s actions will bring. Instead, this essay will argue that Jean’s desire to act is not based on pure self-interest; but, on kant’s revolutionary idea of goodwill and duty. Emmanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) in his researchRead MoreCompare Utilitarian and Deontological Theory1821 Words   |  8 PagesCOMPARE UTILITARIAN AND DEONTOLOGICAL THEORIES Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined by its usefulness. In maximizing utility and minimizing negative utility, in short it can be defined as pleasure minus pain. Deontology means duty or obligation. This theory was founded by a German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). According to Kant, it is the only way of making moral decisions. Another definition for deontology is that it is an approach to the justification

Community College Education Should Not Be Tuition Free

Community College Education Should Not Be Tuition Free Every year, millions of students graduate from high school and consider studying in community college. The main reason for them to choose community colleges over four-year universities is the affordable tuition, or they have undecided majors for their careers. Unfortunately, an academic article published in 2014 â€Å"How to Help College Students Graduate,† Kirp demonstrated, â€Å"American students are enrolling college in record numbers, but they are also dropping out in droves† (Par1). Kirp also claimed that â€Å"only one third of community college students graduate† (Par1). In January, 2015, President Obama has proposed to spend more than $60 billion over the next ten years making community college tuition free for the purpose of increasing the graduation rates (The Editorial Board Par2). The proposal seems particularly well-suited in supporting college enrollment; however, from the economic perspectiv e and the cultural perspective, community college education should not be tuition free. First of all, offering free college education is not feasible or practical. In fact, community colleges have been serving a wide variety of students in different age ranges. In other words, students who are teenagers, working adults, or retirees can attend community colleges. There is no doubt that college enrollment would rapidly improve since students would be attracted by the free courses, but it still does not seem to increase theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Community College Education1207 Words   |  5 PagesIn every nation, education has an important influence on the improvement of its economy and politics. For the United States of American, community college becomes one of the main factors to determine how the country moves forward. 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