The Beginnings Of Marxism - 986 Words

The Beginnings of Marxism? Written in 1847 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the Communist Manifesto laid out ideas that would change the course of world history. It fully defined the â€Å"Marxist† ideology in which Communism was the goal of humanity. Thirty years after Marx’s death, the people of Russia over threw their leaders and founded a Communist government based on Marxist ideologies. This government was initially lead by Vladimir Lenin who took direct inspiration from Marx. After Lenin died, a man named Joseph Stalin took over and his dedication to Marxism is debatable. What is Marxism? The basic idea of Marxism is that the world will slowly change from an unjust society ruled by a few to one without need for a†¦show more content†¦4) Arguably, this is due to the inherent issues with socialism and communism, but it should also be pointed out Stalin’s â€Å"Five-Year Plan†. This plan essentially took resources away from the population in order rapidly industrialize the nation. (Fitzpatrick, 1999) The whole Marxist philosophy was based on gradual change and Stalin’s prioritizing speed over the people goes against this principal. Stalin and the Abolition of the Bourgeoisie Class Getting rid of private property was a step in Marx’s wider goal: the replacement of the Bourgeoisie as the most powerful class. â€Å"The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat.† (Marx Engels, 1969) If the bourgeoisie had no private property, they would not remain capitalists. This would mean the great working class would have control of the country. Even though Stalin did get rid of the Bourgeoisie class, he failed to follow through with the Marxist ideology. In Stalinist Russia, the State owned the means of production, so class was based on your relationship to the state and how well off it allowed you to live. (Fitzpatrick, 1999) ThisShow MoreRelatedA Split Between People During The World981 Words   |  4 PagesThis division is the idea of a split between people during an apocalypse. This ide a is known as Marxism. Marxism is the analysis between the working class, which is the majority of the population, and the rich class, which is the minority of the population. Marxism is used to analyze history through social and economical views to better understand about the differences in the world. A prime example of Marxism is the movie Pacific Rim. Pacific Rim is a monster story that shows humanity pitting againstRead MoreWhy Has Marxism Been Neglected For International Relations?977 Words   |  4 PagesWhy has Marxism been neglected in International Relations? One of the major reasons why Marxism has generally been neglected in International Relations is due to the scarcity of Marxist writing that is specifically focused on this subject. However, it can be argued that due to this paucity of material, Marxist theory has nothing of substantial value to offer with regards to international relations. Non- Marxists argue that the concepts in Marx’s analysis of capitalist production; class, labor, exchangeRead MoreMarxism And Its Effects On The World s Republic Of China1493 Words   |  6 Pagesunprecedented manner. Marxism, as it would later be known, or more generally, Communism, was destined to guide countless nations’ paths to â€Å"liberation.† Two countries in particular, the USSR and the People’s Republic of China, can trace their rapid escapes from â€Å"backwardness† into industrial powerhouses, and international superpower and rising superpower, respectively, to their adoption, as well as their exclu sive interpretations, of Marxism. However, such flexible and broad adaptations of Marxism to these nations’Read More Functionalist View on the Role and Functions of Religion in Society716 Words   |  3 Pagesbe compared to Functionalism is Marxism. Marxism agrees that religion is a conservative force, although it is not a positive force or valuable to society. Marxism says that religion is used to reproduce, preserve and legitimise class inequality; it is seen as an ‘opiate of the masses’ and lulls the working class into a state of false consciousness. Althusser suggested religion is an ‘ideological apparatus’. Although, Marxism does fail to take into account secularisationRead MoreMarxism On The Other Wes Moore1272 Words   |  6 PagesStephanie Messina Period 5 Miller Senior Project Marxism on â€Å"The Other Wes Moore† The working definition of Marxism is a theory that analyzes the relationships of classes and the social conflicts that are within the classes. Marxism claims that this conflict is between the rich and the poor. This theory entails thoughts of socioeconomic differences and focuses the systematic view of the economy. The theory of Marxism is very prevalent in the novel, â€Å"The Other Wes Moore.† â€Å"The Other Wes Moore†Read MoreLiberation Theology Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesCatholic Church as well, especially from Pope John Paul II. He insisted â€Å"liberation didn’t come from theology, but from the gospel. † Because liberation theology can lead to Marxism, John Paul II warns priests of the dangers of Marxism. There was much opposition to liberation theology because it led to the thinking of Marxism, which in turn would destroy the church. IV. Thesis The ideas of liberation theology helped change Latin American beliefs, and thus created a stronger Catholic Church. V.Read MoreResearch Schools and Pluralism1280 Words   |  6 Pagesrational choice, institutionalism and Marxism. Pluralism embraces societal values, culture and interests which they believe are the driven force of political outcomes. Rational choice focuses on the individuals’ self interest and self awareness and believes that an individual is the fundamental power in society. Institutionalism owes the worlds’ functions to rules, norms and law and centralizes the state as the most important actor in modern society. Finally, Marxism believes in the power of class structuresRead MoreTheme Of Imperialism In Heart Of Darkness1052 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx’s school of thought, also known as Marxism, relates society back to economic and political motive. The school of thought says that economic power is the fuel behind all peoples motives. He also states that socioeconomic statuses in our society is what divides us into subgroups. This imperialistic way of thinking is is beneath the surface all throughout Joseph Conrad’s book, Heart of Darkness. The book is centered around a sailor named Marlow, who is sailing up the Congo river to transportRead MoreThe Brave New World By Aldous Huxley906 Words   |  4 Pagesbook Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, Marxism is seen through the whole story. In the story everybody serves the society in the world state. Society makes everybody’s needs and are fulfilled, as well as some of the characters show us Marxism in the way they act or where conditioned. Religion is as well seen in the novel and connected to Marxism. Socioeconomic class is one of the main literacy of Marxism shown in the novel due to human behavior. In the beginning it starts off how in the world stateRead MoreKarl Marx And Its Impact On Society1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthe state owns the means of production and the society would be classless. Although Marx did not believe in religion, parts of his theory can compare to certain ideas in the Bible. However, the eventual Communism that Marxism led to does not agree with God’s word. Influences of Marxism Karl Marx was born into a Jewish family in Trier, Germany in the year 1818. When Marx was a child, his family moved to a town that was predominately Lutheran. Marx’s father Heinrich Marx, formally known as Herschel

Abstract and Executive Overview of Y2K Free Essays

What is the Y2K issue? This paper will describe the problems associated with Y2K and how Industry, Government, and Small Businesses are handling the problem. The first chapter introduces the Y2K issues. Chapter 2 will define how this affects the different businesses and Government agencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Abstract and Executive Overview of Y2K or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chapter 3 will develop an overall plan on how to attack the problem and recommendations. The majority of this paper will develop a plan on how each of the businesses and Government agencies should attack the Y2K problems. There should be a logical approach to planning how to investigate, test, validate, and if required, develop a contingency plan for Y2K. The job is to either form a team of personnel or hire a consulting firm to assess your situation. The team should employ the following steps: assess the system, renovate the system if necessary, validate the renovation if necessary, implement the renovation if necessary, test the renovation if necessary, and finally have a contingency plan in the event that renovating the system is not feasible and/or is too late. The only necessary or required action is to assess the system. This will be discussed in detail in my paper. The real issue is that less than a year remains before the year 2000 problems are here. The recommendation is to begin working this issue now. It may be too late, but that is when the contingency plan comes in handy. 2. What impacts are they†re to Government, Industry, and Small Business? 3. What can Government, Industry, and Small Business Do to Combat the Y2K Issues? There are actually more dates than just the year 2000 date. There are dates that can impact the leap year algorithms; Julian dates, fiscal year dates, calendar dates, and ASCII code dates. The top dates that need to be checked are: 1. 9 September 1999. This date can be read in code as 9999. In computer language, specifically ASCII code, this translates into a request for the processor to stop processing. 2. 1 October 1999. This is the start of the new Fiscal year for the Government (FY00). The algorithm for this may not be able to go from FY99 to FY00. 3. 31 December 1999. At midnight, the date rolls over to 1 January 2000. This problem can exist in two areas. The first is in the BIOS†s that exist for most desktop machines. The BIOS†s normally contain the clock and date data. The operator updates this data, when the system is first turned on and is continuously updated by the computer from then on. The problem is that older versions of BIO software recorded the date in two year digits (99, instead of 1999) so that once the date rolls into the year 2000, the BIOS†s can not understand the rolling of the year and moves it back to 14 Jan 80, the default year date. The other problem is in the application software that uses the two-year date. The application software uses algorithms to roll over the dates and can not roll to the year 2000 date. It normally has to be manually input to get to the new date. 4. 28 February 2000. At midnight, the date should roll over to 29 February 2000. This is determined in the software by an algorithm that checks to see if the current year is a leap year. If it is a leap year then it should roll to 29 February 2000, if it can not determine the leap year, then it will jump to 1 March 2000. 5. 29 February 2000. This is almost the same problem as 28 February 2000. It will try to calculate the fact it is a leap year and roll the date to 1 March 2000. If it can not determine that it is the leap year, it will either go to 2 March 2000 or it will provide an incorrect date. There are several other dates that are important, based on each application software package, and needs. Examples are, a bank computer uses COBOL software that does not calculate the dates well, FORTRAN software used in scientific research does not do dates well, and older versions of Microsoft software used the two-year digit dates. The different application software packages that are available for computers are beginning to fix the year 2000 problem in the next revision and/or update. The problems that are being encountered are that the updates may not be compatible with the data that goes with the application software. An example is that Microsoft Access 2.0 is not year 2000 compliant. To upgrade to a compliant version, the original data associated with Access 2.0 will not run on the upgrade version. In addition, the upgrade Access will not operate on the old versions of Microsoft Windows. Therefore, additional problems are beginning to come into focus with the year 2000 issue. Another issue is all the databases that are used. Relational databases use date fields as part of wildcard actions, used as sorting identification, as grouping actions, and as part of daily identification. Some specific examples are: simple databases, such as the window explorer allow you to view and sort files in a date/time field. If this date field were only two digits, then it would incorrectly sort the files (year 00 would be first rather than last). Another example is a large database that is used to match names with addresses and billing statements. This database would need to flag dates with the billing statements. If the dates were incorrect or not sorted correctly, then the billing statements would be invalidated. As discussed, there are several issues when dealing with Y2K. These issues have a direct impact on both Government and Industry. What impacts are they†re to Government, Industry, and Small Business? There are several impacts to Government, Industry, and Small Business. Dates that can impact the leap year algorithms; Julian dates, fiscal year dates, calendar dates, and ASCII code dates. These dates were discussed in chapter 1. Now we will discuss the ramifications to the new dates. For the Government, the dates will have a major impact across the board. Every Government agency, from Federal to City, will be impacted. The Federal Government uses computers on a daily basis and without them, the Federal Government would not be able to operate. Some specific examples are in the Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, and the Department of Justice. The Department of Commerce utilizes computers to run the National Oceanic Atmospheric Association (NOAA) systems that are used to chase Hurricanes. The problem is that several of the computers are used to log different data and use date/time stamping with that data. This data is later analyzed to try and map hurricanes for the future. If the Y2K issues are not resolved, important data will be lost. The Department of Defense also uses computers to a very large extent. This is especially true for the DOD large complex machinery used to defend the country. There are very few parts of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines that do not use computers. Computers are the backbone to DOD and without them, there is a real fear that our armed forces would not be able to defend this country. The Department of Justice has an even worse problem. They are charged with keeping track of criminals and federal indictments across the country. Because of the complexity of the laws, if the computers used to keep track of indictments and criminal records are not Y2K compliant, then the Justice system could have criminals cleared of any wrong doing because of a simple date issue. It is well known that if the date or address were wrong on an indictment or a search warrant, anything found because of the indictment or warrant would not be used in court. Industry has the same basic problems that the Government would have. They rely on computers in almost every aspect of the business. From robotic assembly lines to employee payroll, all of industry relies on the computer to run its day to day operation. The problem that both industry and Government have is that there was no contingency to the Y2K issue. Both industry and Government have several backup systems. An example is that major banks will have the main frame computer in one location and a hot backup in a totally different location. Take Nations Bank. Nations Bank may have its primary mainframe computer, for all its checking accounts, here in town. There is a hot backup (a hot backup is a main frame computer that records the same exact information that the mainframe computer is recording, but it does not handle any transactions, just records the information) that is located in a different part of the country, say Colorado. In this way, if a major hurricane were to devastate Tampa, the hot backup would come on line take over the responsibility of the mainframe. In this way, vital information would not be lost. This was all thought out years before, but not Y2K. Y2K would impact both mainframes (the primary and the backup) and all the data would be corrupted. The problem with small business is that it relies on the computer to do many of its tasks that employees used to do. In small business, people were employed to handle payroll, marketing, office management, files, record keeping, and profit/loss ledgers. These people were replaced with the advent of the computer. Now any small business could operate without minimal employees. The office manager could now handle payroll, marketing, files, records, and ledgers right on the computer. The computer became the key piece of equipment for the small business. Without the computer, small businesses could not stay in operation. Look at a small business that provides hearing aids to the general public. Besides the payroll, this small business will keep all its customers accounts in a simple database. This database will be used to notify the business when the hearing aid needs servicing, additional hearing tests should be done, replacement batteries, and payment schedules. This is just the tip of the database. The database would also be used to send out flyers on new technology, discounts, and will serve as the business mailing lists. Without this computer, the small business would need to hire additional personnel and return to paper and pencil to operate. What can Government, Industry, and Small Business Do to Combat the Y2K Issues? For both Government and Industry, it will not be a problem to combat Y2K. There is work already being done to correct the problems. Both agencies, through consulting agencies and internal working groups, have developed a series of plans to combat the Y2K issue. The standard procedure is to first do an inventory and assessment on the agency. After the assessment is done, a renovation plan is developed to renovate the different systems. After renovation is completed, the system is placed into the validation phase, where it is tested using the different Y2K dates to ensure that no problems are encountered. After the testing is completed and the validation is verified, then the implementation phase is started. The implementation phase is to implement the system into action, and begin watching the system during the actual crossover dates. The cost to perform all of the plans and phases are high. On most major DOD systems, the cost ranges from $100 Thousand to over $5 Million. For industry, their costs are about the same. It does not matter if the agency does it internally or hires consultants to perform the work. The costs are normally high. These costs are absorbed in industry and/or in the Government by the consumer and/or taxpayer. Industry will pass the costs to the consumer by increasing its price on the product. The Government will either increase taxes or modify the budget to get the necessary funds to ensure Y2K compliance. The real problem lies with small business. The plans and phases that were developed by industry and Government must also be accomplished by small business. The problem is that small business does not have the money to expend on the Y2K issue. Small businesses do not have the overhead or capital to afford to test its systems and ensure that Y2K problems do not exist in its machine. Since most small businesses do not rely on consultants and do not have a computer expert on the payroll, then small businesses must rely on the software companies to ensure that the computer is Y2K compliant. Since they do not have the funds to try and make their systems Y2K compliant, then the small business must rely on Macintosh, Microsoft, and other large software companies to ensure that the software is compliant. This becomes a real issue for the small business. The major software companies have problems with ensuring that the software they are selling is Y2K compliant. An example is that Microsoft Windows 98 may be compliant, as far as the Y2K issue is concerned. But any other application software that is used with Windows 98 may not be compliant, making the system non-compliant. Microsoft can not be held responsible for other software packages built by other software companies. In addition, most software companies will not support older versions of its software. An example is that Microsoft will not support Windows version 3.1. This is based on the availability of newer versions of Windows being available to the consumer. So where does this leave the small business? The small business is in a delicate situation. The recommendation for small business is to work through the chamber of commerce and pool the resources that each small business has to get the support it needs. There is Federal and Local assistance available to help small business ensure that the Y2K issue is resolved prior to the actual dates. The real problem is that if the small business does not recognize that it has a problem, then it will not work to fix the Y2K issue in time. By combining their resources and working with the local chambers, a network of consultants could work together to fix the problem before the actual Y2K dates have come. The only other option would be to spend the money to go through the same plans and phases that the Government and Industry goes through to fix the Y2K issue. This cost would be too high for small business. The final option would be for the small business to cross his fingers and hope for the best. This would be the last option for the businessperson to work with. How to cite Abstract and Executive Overview of Y2K, Essay examples

Bless Me Ultima free essay sample

Antonio is raised in a strict Catholic family, but after being shown the Golden Carp by Cico, Antonio begins to question his religion and everything he had been taught about God. Antonio is fascinated by the golden carp and says â€Å"I could not have been more entranced if I had seen the Virgin, or God Himself. † This shows that although it is against his beliefs to behold another figure, Antonio is amazed to have actually seen the legendary carp he had been told about by Cico, and wonders why God never shows himself. Antonio also says that seeing the Golden Carp was â€Å"what I had expected God to do at my first holy communion†. This shows that experiencing the golden carp in the flesh was more real and meaningful to him than even the most sacred rituals of his own church. Another one of the most important symbols in Bless Me, Utima is the Virgin because she is at the center of Antonio’s Catholic beliefs and keeps him from abandoning his belief in God. We will write a custom essay sample on Bless Me Ultima or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Virgin represents kindness and comfort for Antonio. Antonio sees the Virgin as someone who is close to God, but also someone who he can talk to and will not be judged by. Antonio says when he prayed to the Virgin it was as if he could see her â€Å"turn and whisper into Gods ear exactly what I had just told her†. This shows that he is much more comfortable talking to the Virgin directly than to God Himself because he doesn’t understand and he fears God. The Virgin seems much more human and approachable than the grand, powerful idea of God. Ultima’s owl is also one of the most important symbols in Bless Me, Ulitma because it represents Ultima’s spirit, who’s magical powers defy the beliefs of Antonio’s Catholic upbringing. The owl always seemed to be around while Ultima was performing important magical tasks. For example, while Ultima and Antonio were curing Antonio’s uncle, Ultima’s owl was outside the house fighting off coyotes. The book says â€Å"Then I heard it. It was the call of Ultima’s owl†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Her sharp claws found flesh because the evil laughter of the coyotes changed to cries of pain. † At the end of the book when Ultima is dying she tells Antonio to â€Å"take the owl, go west into the hills until you find a forked juniper tree, there, bury the owl. † The reason she tells him this is because the owl is really her soul and she wants Antonio to be the one to â€Å"really burry her. † This shows that Ultima see’s Antonio as someone she can trust, and she wants him to be the one to know where her soul was truly buried. The golden carp, the Virgin, and Utima’s owl are clearly the most important symbols in Antonio’s coming-of-age experience because they all symbolize his struggles with his beliefs. Each belongs in a different category of religion, as well as different parts of Antonio’s life, but all influence him in ways that make him question his beliefs and answer those questions. Each of these things were big parts of Antonio’s life, but symbols aren’t always very obvious. Look around at your life, there may be things that are influencing you without you even realizing it.